2. About Me
➡ Apache Software Foundation
➡ Co-founder, Director Emeritus, Member and Developer
➡ Director Emeritus
➡ Outercurve, MARSEC-XL, OSSI, OSI (ex)…
➡ Developer
➡ Mega FOSS projects
➡ O’Reilly Open Source Award: 2013
➡ European Commission: Luminary Award
➡ Open Source Chef: ConsenSys
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
3. Hold on a tic
➡ How do you define “new”??
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
4. httpd is sooo old school (aka
fud)
➡ Apache doesn’t scale (its SLOW)
➡ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzkRVzciAZg
➡ Apache is too generalized
➡ Apache is too complex (config file)
➡ really?
➡ Apache is too old
(yeah, just like Linux)
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
vs
It’s Squagels!
5. Apache httpd 2.4 - design drivers
➡ New features and improve old ones
➡ Support for async I/O w/o dropping support for older
systems
➡ Larger selection of usable MPMs: added Event, Motorz,
etc...
➡ Leverage higher-performant versions of APR
➡ Increase performance
➡ Reduce memory utilization
➡ The Cloud
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
Currently at version 2.4.33 (2.4.1 went GA Feb 21, 2012)
6. What’s New: Apache httpd 2.4
➡ Configuration / Runtime Improvements
➡ New Modules / Capabilities
➡ Cloud / Proxy Enhancements
➡ Performance Increases
➡ HTTP/2
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
7. Configuration - Runtime
➡ mod_macro
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
<Macro VHost $name $domain>
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName $domain
ServerAlias www.$domain
DocumentRoot /var/www/vhosts/$name
ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/$name.error_log
CustomLog /var/log/httpd/$name.access_log combined
</VirtualHost>
</Macro>
Use VHost example example.com
Use VHost myhost hostname.org
Use VHost apache apache.org
UndefMacro VHost
From my
ApacheCon 2000
Preso
8. Configuration - Runtime
➡ <If> supports per-request conditions
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
# Compare the host name to example.com and
# redirect to www.example.com if it matches
<If "%{HTTP_HOST} == 'example.com'">
Redirect permanent / http://www.example.com/
<ElseIf "%{HTTP_HOST} == ‘foobarfoo.com'">
Redirect permanent / http://www2.example.com/
</If>
9. Configuration - Runtime
➡ Simple config-file variables: <Define>
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
<IfDefine TEST>
Define servername test.example.com
</IfDefine>
<IfDefine !TEST>
Define servername www.example.com
Define SSL
</IfDefine>
DocumentRoot /var/www/${servername}/htdocs
10. Configuration - Runtime
➡ Finer control of timeouts, esp. during requests
➡ mod_reqtimeout
➡ KeepAliveTimout down to the millisecond
➡ Finer control over logging
➡ per module/per directory
➡ new logging levels (TRACE[1-8])
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
LogLevel info ssl:warn
<Directory "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/foo">
LogLevel debug
</Directory>
11. Configuration - Runtime
➡ Other stuff:
➡ No more NameVirtualHost
➡ General purpose expression parser (BNF compatible)
➡ AllowOverrideList
➡ Loadable MPM modules
➡ Recall that different MPMs have different config directives!
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
AllowOverride None
AllowOverrideList Redirect RedirectMatch Header
./configure —enable-mpms-shared=all
LoadModule mpm_event_module modules/mod_mpm_event.so
12. Configuration - Runtime
➡ Require
➡ Removes order deny/allow insanity!
➡ mod_access_compat for backwards combat
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
AuthType Basic
AuthName "Restricted Resource"
AuthBasicProvider file
AuthUserFile /web/users
AuthGroupFile /web/groups
Require group admin
<Directory /www/docs>
<RequireAll>
Require group alpha beta
Require not group reject
</RequireAll>
</Directory>
<Directory /www/docs2>
Require all granted
</Directory>
13. New Modules
➡ mod_lua
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
<Files *.lua>
SetHandler lua-script
</Files>
…
example.lua
require "string"
function handle(r)
r.content_type = "text/plain"
if r.method == 'GET' then
r:puts("Hello Lua World!n")
for k, v in pairs( r:parseargs() ) do
r:puts( string.format("%s: %sn", k, v) )
end
elseif r.method == 'POST' then
r:puts("Hello Lua World!n")
for k, v in pairs( r:parsebody() ) do
r:puts( string.format("%s: %sn", k, v) )
end
elseif r.method == 'PUT' then
r:puts("Unsupported HTTP method " .. r.method)
r.status = 405
return apache2.ok
else
return 501
end
return apache2.OK
end
14. New Modules
➡ mod_buffer
➡ buffer the i/o stacks w/i httpd
➡ mod_sed
➡ True sed functionality, alternate to mod_substitute
➡ mod_remoteip
➡ allow access to the real client IP address
➡ Also provides HA PROXY support
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
<Directory "/var/www/docs/status">
AddOutputFilter Sed html
OutputSed "s/complete/DONE/g"
OutputSed “s/in-progress/TODO/g"
</Directory>
RemoteIPHeader X-Client-IP
15. New Modules
➡ mod_session
➡ easily maintain application server state
➡ mod_auth_form
➡ Form-based auth can now be handled internally
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
<Location /dologin.html>
SetHandler form-login-handler
AuthFormLoginRequiredLocation http://example.com/login.html
AuthFormLoginSuccessLocation http://example.com/success.html
AuthFormProvider file
AuthUserFile conf/passwd
AuthType form
AuthName realm
Session On
SessionCookieName session path=/
SessionCryptoPassphrase secret
</Location>
16. New Modules
➡ mod_log_debug
➡ Add debug logging at any hook
➡ mod_ratelimit
➡ (basic) bandwidth limiting for clients
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
<Location /foo>
LogMessage “subreq to foo” hook=type_checker expr=%{IS_SUBREQ}
</Location>
<Location /downloads>
SetOutputFilter RATE_LIMIT
SetEnv rate-limit 400
</Location>
17. Even more!
➡ mod_cache
➡ Can serve stale data if required
➡ X-Cache-Header now supports HIT/MISS/
REVALIDATE
➡ Can cache HEAD
➡ htcacheclean improvements
➡ Redis and memcached (And Apache Geode)
➡ mod_socache / mod_slotmem
➡ Data object/blog storage mechanisms
➡ mod_brotli
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
18. New Modules
➡ mod_proxy submodules:
➡ mod_proxy_fcgi
➡ mod_proxy_scgi
➡ mod_proxy_uwsgi
➡ mod_proxy_wstunnel
➡ mod_proxy_html
➡ mod_proxy_express
➡ mod_proxy_hcheck
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
19. Cloud and Performance
➡ The Cloud is a game changer for web servers
➡ Horizontal scalability is no longer as painful
➡ Concurrency is no longer the sole consideration
➡ ... or maybe even the primary one
➡ What’s important now? Transaction Time! (because it CAN be)
➡ Low latency
➡ Fast req/resp turnover
➡ Does density still matter? Of course!
➡ micro-services
➡ Are there environs where super-mega concurrency is the
bugaboo? You betcha! (but the cloud makes these more and more rare,
and you’re likely using a bad architecture anyway)
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
20. Cloud and Dynamics
➡ The Cloud is a game changer for web servers
➡ The cloud is a dynamic place
➡ automated reconfiguration
➡ horizontal, not vertical scaling
➡ self-aware environments
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
OK, maybe not THAT self-aware
21. Why Dynamic Proxy Matters
➡ Apache httpd still the most frequently used front-end
➡ Proxy capabilities must be cloud friendly
➡ Front-end must be dynamic friendly
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
22. Apache httpd 2.4 proxy
➡ Reverse Proxy Improvements
➡ Supports FastCGI, SCGI, Websockets in balancer
➡ Additional load balancing mechanisms
➡ Runtime changing of clusters w/o restarts
➡ Support for dynamic configuration
➡ mod_proxy_express
➡ mod_fcgid and fcgistarter
➡ Support for Unix Domain Sockets
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
23. Backend Status
➡ Dynamic Health Checks !
➡ TCP/IP Ping
➡ OPTIONS
➡ HEAD
➡ GET
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
ProxyHCExpr ok234 {%{REQUEST_STATUS} =~ /^[234]/}
ProxyHCExpr gdown {%{REQUEST_STATUS} =~ /^[5]/}
ProxyHCExpr in_maint {hc('body') !~ /Under maintenance/}
<Proxy balancer://foo/>
BalancerMember http://www.example.com/ hcmethod=GET hcexpr=in_maint hcuri=/status.php
BalancerMember http://www2.example.com/ hcmethod=HEAD hcexpr=ok234 hcinterval=10
BalancerMember http://www3.example.com/ hcmethod=TCP hcinterval=5 hcpasses=2 hcfails=3
BalancerMember http://www4.example.com/
</Proxy>
ProxyPass "/" “balancer://foo/"
ProxyPassReverse "/" “balancer://foo/"
24. Mass Reverse Proxy
➡ Use the new mod_proxy_express module
➡ ProxyPass mapping obtained via db file
➡ Fast and efficient
➡ Still dynamic, with no config changes required
➡ micro-services? You betcha!
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
ProxyExpress map file
##
##express-map.db:
##
www1.example.com http://192.168.002.2:8080
www2.example.com http://192.168.002.12:8088
www3.example.com http://192.168.002.10
...
www6341.example.com http://192.168.211.26
httpd.conf file
ProxyExpressEnable On
ProxyExpressDBMFile express-map.db
25. Embedded Admin
➡ Allows for real-time
➡ Addition of new workers/nodes
➡ Change of LB methods
➡ Can be persistent!
➡ More RESTful
➡ Can be CLI-driven
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
26. Easy setup
<Location /balancer-manager>
SetHandler balancer-manager
Require 192.168.2.22
</Location>
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
27. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
@jimjag
28. server-status aware
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
@jimjag
29. Performance
➡ From Nic Rosenthal Battle of the stacks
(http://www.slideshare.net/AllThingsOpen/battle-of-the-stacks)
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
HHVM + NGINX!
!
vs!
!
HHVM + Apache 2.4!
!
http://ldr.io/1ogvD7X
http://ldr.io/1ogD7b3
Response time: 76ms
Response time: 60ms
HHVM + NGINX
HHVM + Apache 2.4
Image by Articularnos.com https://www.flickr.com/photos/articularnos/
Champion of the !
Battle Of The Stacks
ATO Edition
HHVM + Apache 2.4
30. Performance
➡ From Bryan Call’s 2014 ApacheCon preso
(http://www.slideshare.net/bryan_call/choosing-a-proxy-server-apachecon-2014)
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
• Squid&used&the&most&
CPU&again&
• NGiNX&had&latency&
issues&
• ATS&most&throughput& 0&
500&
1000&
1500&
2000&
2500&
ATS& NGiNX& Squid& Varnish& hBpd&
RPS$/$CPU$Usage$
0&
5000&
10000&
15000&
20000&
25000&
30000&
ATS& NGiNX& Squid& Varnish& hBpd&
Requests$Per$Second$
0&
5&
10&
15&
20&
25&
30&
35&
40&
ATS& NGiNX& Squid& Varnish& hBpd&
Latency$
Median&
95th&
31. Raw Performance
➡ Event MPM : no longer experimental
➡ non-blocking
➡ async
➡ Faster, more efficient APR
➡ Smaller memory footprint
➡ More efficient data structures (worker and event)
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
32. Apache httpd vs nginx
➡ Why nginx? Everyone asks about it...
➡ Benchmark: local and reverse proxy transaction times
➡ Apache httpd 2.4.22-dev, nginx 1.8.1
➡ CentOS6, Dual Xeon 3.33GHz
➡ 4GB memory
➡ localhost loopback and external (no firewall)
➡ Double checked results: OSX 10.11.2 (8-core), Fedora 23 (4-
core)
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
33. Setup
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
@jimjag
loopbackSetup 1:
Setup 2:
Setup 3:
Setup 3:
34. Considerations
➡ Multiple benchmarking systems:
➡ flood (50/250/5/2, 50/100/5/2, 50/5/5/2)
➡ httperf (num-conns=100->20000, numcalls=3,10,100)
➡ weighttp
➡ Full URL requests (www.example.com/index.html)
➡ Static local requests
➡ Static reverse proxy requests
➡ All Apache httpd MPMs
➡ No significant “tuning” efforts (mostly out of the box
configs)
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
35. nginx vs Event (typical)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
@jimjag
Apache - Event MPM
0
500
1000
1500
2000
nginx
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
Open Write Read Close
Increasing concurrency Increasing concurrency
36. Apache - Prefork MPM
0
500
1000
1500
2000
nginx vs Prefork (typical)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
@jimjag
nginx
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
Open Write Read Close
Increasing concurrency Increasing concurrency
37. Total req/resp time
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
@jimjag
Comparison - total transaction (close)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Prefork Worker Event nginx
Increasing concurrency
38. Resp to Req. Bursts - httperf
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
@jimjag
100 ---> 20000
0.00
1.75
3.50
5.25
7.00
min avg max dev min avg max dev min avg max dev min avg max dev min avg max dev min avg max dev
prefork worker event nginx
Increasing concurrency
39. Independent benchmarks
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
@jimjag
Source: Ryosuke Matsumoto : http://blog.matsumoto-r.jp/?p=1812
#!/bin/sh
RESULT='./result.txt'
for port in 80 8080 8888
do
#for count in 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
9000 10000
#for count in 11000 12000 13000 14000 15000 16000 17000
18000 19000 20000
for count in 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000 27000
28000 29000 30000
do
echo -n "$port $count " >> $RESULT
httperf --rate $count --num-conns 25000 --server
ipaddr --port $port
--uri=/test.html | grep "Request rate:" >>
$RESULT.$port
sleep 60
done
done
40. Take-away
➡ Today, the web-server isn’t the slow link in the chain.
➡ Benchmarks get stale… fast!
➡ Real world trumps test environs
➡ Choose the right tool for the right job
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
41. HTTP/2
➡ Implements RFC 7540
➡ Supports both h2 (HTTP/2 over TLS) and h2c (HTTP/2 over TCP[cleartext])
➡ Enterprise-ready regarding stability, performance, etc.
➡ Also supported in mod_proxy
➡ Perfect compliance
@jimjag
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
42. Thanks
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. - Jim Jagielski - @jimjag
@jimjag
Twitter: @jimjag
Emails:
jim@jaguNET.com
jim@apache.org
jimjag@gmail.com
http://www.slideshare.net/jimjag/